Journal: Viruses

Article Title: Identification of Serum Antibodies Cross-Reactive with Pathogenic Betacoronavirus Amongst Rural Communities Within the Forested Region of the Republic of Guinea

doi: 10.3390/v18090989

Figure Lengend Snippet: Total spike and nucleocapsid (N) binding antibodies (IgG) of cohort against various Beta-coronaviruses. Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) analysis was performed on n = 103 UK negative controls (negative), 517 rural forested region samples (Macenta), 66 and 94 samples from the urban areas of Coyah and Gueckedou and 51 UK COVID-19 convalescent samples (COVID-19). The responses to various antigens are displayed as follows: ( A ) SARS-CoV-2 spike; ( B ) SARS-CoV-2 RBD; ( C ) SARS-CoV-2 N; ( D ) SARS-CoV spike; ( E ) MERS-CoV spike. Data are shown as a calculated concentration using a known reference serum and a 4PL fit curve; dashed line represents our in-house cut-off between negative and positive and is determined as the mean of the negative population plus five SD. Mean with standard deviation (SD) is displayed. Statistical analysis used Kruskal–Wallis with multiple comparisons; all groups showed statistical significance vs. the negative group across all antigens tested. p = ≤ 0.001 (***) and p = ≤ 0.0001 (****).

Article Snippet: MERS S1 camel Fc-Tag was produced by Native Antigen Company (REC31847-100).

Techniques: Binding Assay, Analysis, Concentration Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: Viruses

Article Title: Identification of Serum Antibodies Cross-Reactive with Pathogenic Betacoronavirus Amongst Rural Communities Within the Forested Region of the Republic of Guinea

doi: 10.3390/v18090989

Figure Lengend Snippet: ELISA analysis of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV spike proteins. ELISA analysis was performed on 103 UK negative controls, 517 rural forested region samples (Macenta), 66 and 94 samples from the urban areas of Coyah (COY) and Gueckedou (GKD), and 18 COVID-19 convalescent samples (COVID-19). The response to various antigens is displayed as follows: ( A ) SARS-CoV spike, S1 only or RBD; ( B ) SARS-CoV-2 spike, S1 only or RBD; and ( C ) MERS-CoV spike, S1 only or RBD. Values are displayed as arbitrary units: a 3PL fit curve using an in-house standard was used to calculate values, and an AU of 1 would be equivalent activity to the standard. The dashed line represents the in-house cut-off value and is based on the mean of the negatives plus five SD. The mean and 95% CI are displayed. Statistical analysis used Kruskal–Wallis with multiple comparisons; significant differences to the negative group are shown. Where error bars are not present significance did not reach ≤ p = 0.05. p = ≤ 0.05 (*) and p = ≤ 0.0001 (****).

Article Snippet: MERS S1 camel Fc-Tag was produced by Native Antigen Company (REC31847-100).

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Analysis, Activity Assay

Journal: Viruses

Article Title: Identification of Serum Antibodies Cross-Reactive with Pathogenic Betacoronavirus Amongst Rural Communities Within the Forested Region of the Republic of Guinea

doi: 10.3390/v18090989

Figure Lengend Snippet: Correlation and spatial analysis of rural Guinean samples. ( A ) Geographical map of the republic of Guinea, showing the locations of Coyah and Gueckadou (black star) along with an insert of the Macenta region showing the location of individual villages. ( B ) Mean posterior estimate of probability of individuals belonging to the subgroup with elevated responses to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV antigens. ( C ) Macenta village-level seroprevalence of responses to all assays used.

Article Snippet: MERS S1 camel Fc-Tag was produced by Native Antigen Company (REC31847-100).

Techniques: Analysis

Journal: Viruses

Article Title: Identification of Serum Antibodies Cross-Reactive with Pathogenic Betacoronavirus Amongst Rural Communities Within the Forested Region of the Republic of Guinea

doi: 10.3390/v18090989

Figure Lengend Snippet: Mapping antibody binding of MERS-CoV reactive samples using a linear peptide array. ( A ) We subjected nine samples to a linear peptide array: seven were reactive to either SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 or MERS-CoV glycoprotein (blue) and two were unreactive by ELISA and were used as a negative control (black). Samples were sent for processing at PEPperPRINT and were assayed against a linear peptide array of 15 amino acids off-set by two amino acids and spanning the glycoproteins of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HKU1, 229E, NL63 and OC43. Following acquisition, sample peptides with a mean sasa of greater than 30% were included in downstream analysis. ( B , C ) Mapping of antibody binding regions for JB122 and JB055 using PyMOL v2.5 (yellow = S1, blue = RBD, red = antibody binding site).

Article Snippet: MERS S1 camel Fc-Tag was produced by Native Antigen Company (REC31847-100).

Techniques: Binding Assay, Peptide Microarray, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Negative Control, Analysis

Journal: Viruses

Article Title: Identification of Serum Antibodies Cross-Reactive with Pathogenic Betacoronavirus Amongst Rural Communities Within the Forested Region of the Republic of Guinea

doi: 10.3390/v18090989

Figure Lengend Snippet: Source of antigens used in our in-house ELISA.

Article Snippet: MERS S1 camel Fc-Tag was produced by Native Antigen Company (REC31847-100).

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Viruses

Article Title: Identification of Serum Antibodies Cross-Reactive with Pathogenic Betacoronavirus Amongst Rural Communities Within the Forested Region of the Republic of Guinea

doi: 10.3390/v18090989

Figure Lengend Snippet: Total spike and nucleocapsid (N) binding antibodies (IgG) of cohort against various Beta-coronaviruses. Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) analysis was performed on n = 103 UK negative controls (negative), 517 rural forested region samples (Macenta), 66 and 94 samples from the urban areas of Coyah and Gueckedou and 51 UK COVID-19 convalescent samples (COVID-19). The responses to various antigens are displayed as follows: ( A ) SARS-CoV-2 spike; ( B ) SARS-CoV-2 RBD; ( C ) SARS-CoV-2 N; ( D ) SARS-CoV spike; ( E ) MERS-CoV spike. Data are shown as a calculated concentration using a known reference serum and a 4PL fit curve; dashed line represents our in-house cut-off between negative and positive and is determined as the mean of the negative population plus five SD. Mean with standard deviation (SD) is displayed. Statistical analysis used Kruskal–Wallis with multiple comparisons; all groups showed statistical significance vs. the negative group across all antigens tested. p = ≤ 0.001 (***) and p = ≤ 0.0001 (****).

Article Snippet: SARS S1 His-Tag was produced by Native Antigen Company, Oxford, UK (REC31809-500).

Techniques: Binding Assay, Analysis, Concentration Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: Viruses

Article Title: Identification of Serum Antibodies Cross-Reactive with Pathogenic Betacoronavirus Amongst Rural Communities Within the Forested Region of the Republic of Guinea

doi: 10.3390/v18090989

Figure Lengend Snippet: ELISA analysis of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV spike proteins. ELISA analysis was performed on 103 UK negative controls, 517 rural forested region samples (Macenta), 66 and 94 samples from the urban areas of Coyah (COY) and Gueckedou (GKD), and 18 COVID-19 convalescent samples (COVID-19). The response to various antigens is displayed as follows: ( A ) SARS-CoV spike, S1 only or RBD; ( B ) SARS-CoV-2 spike, S1 only or RBD; and ( C ) MERS-CoV spike, S1 only or RBD. Values are displayed as arbitrary units: a 3PL fit curve using an in-house standard was used to calculate values, and an AU of 1 would be equivalent activity to the standard. The dashed line represents the in-house cut-off value and is based on the mean of the negatives plus five SD. The mean and 95% CI are displayed. Statistical analysis used Kruskal–Wallis with multiple comparisons; significant differences to the negative group are shown. Where error bars are not present significance did not reach ≤ p = 0.05. p = ≤ 0.05 (*) and p = ≤ 0.0001 (****).

Article Snippet: SARS S1 His-Tag was produced by Native Antigen Company, Oxford, UK (REC31809-500).

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Analysis, Activity Assay

Journal: Viruses

Article Title: Identification of Serum Antibodies Cross-Reactive with Pathogenic Betacoronavirus Amongst Rural Communities Within the Forested Region of the Republic of Guinea

doi: 10.3390/v18090989

Figure Lengend Snippet: Correlation and spatial analysis of rural Guinean samples. ( A ) Geographical map of the republic of Guinea, showing the locations of Coyah and Gueckadou (black star) along with an insert of the Macenta region showing the location of individual villages. ( B ) Mean posterior estimate of probability of individuals belonging to the subgroup with elevated responses to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV antigens. ( C ) Macenta village-level seroprevalence of responses to all assays used.

Article Snippet: SARS S1 His-Tag was produced by Native Antigen Company, Oxford, UK (REC31809-500).

Techniques: Analysis

Journal: Viruses

Article Title: Identification of Serum Antibodies Cross-Reactive with Pathogenic Betacoronavirus Amongst Rural Communities Within the Forested Region of the Republic of Guinea

doi: 10.3390/v18090989

Figure Lengend Snippet: Mapping antibody binding of MERS-CoV reactive samples using a linear peptide array. ( A ) We subjected nine samples to a linear peptide array: seven were reactive to either SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 or MERS-CoV glycoprotein (blue) and two were unreactive by ELISA and were used as a negative control (black). Samples were sent for processing at PEPperPRINT and were assayed against a linear peptide array of 15 amino acids off-set by two amino acids and spanning the glycoproteins of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HKU1, 229E, NL63 and OC43. Following acquisition, sample peptides with a mean sasa of greater than 30% were included in downstream analysis. ( B , C ) Mapping of antibody binding regions for JB122 and JB055 using PyMOL v2.5 (yellow = S1, blue = RBD, red = antibody binding site).

Article Snippet: SARS S1 His-Tag was produced by Native Antigen Company, Oxford, UK (REC31809-500).

Techniques: Binding Assay, Peptide Microarray, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Negative Control, Analysis

Journal: Viruses

Article Title: Identification of Serum Antibodies Cross-Reactive with Pathogenic Betacoronavirus Amongst Rural Communities Within the Forested Region of the Republic of Guinea

doi: 10.3390/v18090989

Figure Lengend Snippet: Source of antigens used in our in-house ELISA.

Article Snippet: SARS S1 His-Tag was produced by Native Antigen Company, Oxford, UK (REC31809-500).

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Advanced Science

Article Title: A Dual‐Membrane Biomimetic Nanoplatform Enables Triple‐Modal Therapy Against SARS‐CoV‐2 Through Viral Decoy, Inflammation Neutralizing, and Intracellular RNAi

doi: 10.1002/advs.77581

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic design and proposed therapeutic mechanism of the dual‐membrane biomimetic nanoplatform [A&T]MLN. (A) Fabrication process of [A&T]MLN. Cell membranes isolated from ACE2‐overexpressing HEK293T cells and THP‐1‐derived macrophages are fused and subsequently coated onto siRNA‐loaded lipid nanoparticles (prepared by thin‐film hydration) to generate the final nanoconstruct. (B) Proposed triple‐modal therapeutic action against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection: (i) neutralization of free virions via high‐affinity binding of surface‐displayed ACE2; (ii) attenuation of the cytokine storm through scavenging of key inflammatory mediators (e.g., IL‐6, TNF‐α) by macrophage‐derived membrane receptors; and (iii) intracellular delivery of therapeutic siRNA to suppress viral replication.

Article Snippet: Male K18‐hACE2‐2A‐CreERT2 mice (6–8 weeks old; Saiye Model Biological Research Center Co., Ltd., China) were anesthetized and administered 50 μL of SARS‐CoV‐2 S1SP (RayBiotech, USA) via intratracheal instillation at a dose of 400 mg/kg, followed by an air bolus (150 μL) to promote distribution.

Techniques: Membrane, Isolation, Derivative Assay, Infection, Neutralization, Binding Assay

Journal: Advanced Science

Article Title: A Dual‐Membrane Biomimetic Nanoplatform Enables Triple‐Modal Therapy Against SARS‐CoV‐2 Through Viral Decoy, Inflammation Neutralizing, and Intracellular RNAi

doi: 10.1002/advs.77581

Figure Lengend Snippet: Molecular basis for viral interaction and cytokine neutralization. (A) Protein composition. Coomassie blue‐stained SDS‐PAGE gel of proteins extracted from [A&T]MLN and [A&T]M; LN serves as a negative control. (B) Presence of key functional proteins. Western blot analysis confirming the transfer of ACE2, IL‐6R, TNF‐R1, IL‐1R, CD116, and CD47 to [A&T]MLN and [A&T]M; LN serves as a negative control. (C) Protein secondary structure integrity. Far‐UV circular dichroism (CD) spectra of proteins extracted from [A&T]MLN, THP‐1 membrane, [A&T]M, AMLN, and TMLN. (D) Binding kinetics to SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein. Biolayer interferometry (BLI) sensorgrams of serially diluted [A&T]MLN (62.5–1000 n m ) binding to immobilized spike S1+S2 ECD. Red lines represent the global fit to a 1:1 binding model ( R 2 = 0.99). (E, F) Virus‐induced changes in nanoparticle properties. Hydrodynamic diameter (E) and zeta potential (F) of [A&T]MLN after 2 h incubation with authentic wild‐type (WT) or Omicron BA.5 SARS‐CoV‐2. Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 3). Statistical significance was determined by one‐way ANOVA. ns, not significant; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001; **** P < 0.0001. (G, H) Visualization of virus‐nanoparticle complexes. Representative TEM images of [A&T]MLN bound to authentic SARS‐CoV‐2 WT (G) or Omicron BA.5 (H). Scale bars, 100 nm. (I) In vitro cytokine neutralization. Residual levels of human recombinant IL‐6, IL‐1β, TNF‐α, and GM‐CSF after incubation with AMLN, TMLN, or [A&T]MLN (0–10 µg/mL), quantified by ELISA. Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 3). Statistical significance was determined by one‐way ANOVA. ns, not significant; * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001; **** P < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: Male K18‐hACE2‐2A‐CreERT2 mice (6–8 weeks old; Saiye Model Biological Research Center Co., Ltd., China) were anesthetized and administered 50 μL of SARS‐CoV‐2 S1SP (RayBiotech, USA) via intratracheal instillation at a dose of 400 mg/kg, followed by an air bolus (150 μL) to promote distribution.

Techniques: Neutralization, Staining, SDS Page, Negative Control, Functional Assay, Western Blot, Circular Dichroism, Membrane, Binding Assay, Virus, Zeta Potential Analyzer, Incubation, In Vitro, Recombinant, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Advanced Science

Article Title: A Dual‐Membrane Biomimetic Nanoplatform Enables Triple‐Modal Therapy Against SARS‐CoV‐2 Through Viral Decoy, Inflammation Neutralizing, and Intracellular RNAi

doi: 10.1002/advs.77581

Figure Lengend Snippet: Broad‐spectrum antiviral activity of [A&T]MLN against SARS‐CoV‐2. (A) Dose‐response neutralization of pseudotyped SARS‐CoV‐2 variants. Neutralization activity of [A&T]MLN against a panel of pseudoviruses (WT, Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Omicron BA.4/5) was measured by a luciferase‐reporter assay. Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 3). (B) Contribution of the ACE2 membrane to neutralization potency. Neutralization of WT and Omicron BA.4/5 pseudoviruses by [A&T]MLN was compared to that of nanoparticles lacking the ACE2 membrane. Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 3). Statistical significance was determined by one‐way ANOVA. ns, not significant; * P < 0.05; **** P < 0.0001. (C) Schematic illustration of the authentic virus neutralization assay. (D) Neutralization of authentic SARS‐CoV‐2 variants. Vero E6 cells pretreated with [A&T]MLN (19.5–78 µg/mL) were infected with WT, Beta, or Omicron BA.5 viruses (MOI = 0.01). Viral titers were determined by TCID 50 . Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 3).

Article Snippet: Male K18‐hACE2‐2A‐CreERT2 mice (6–8 weeks old; Saiye Model Biological Research Center Co., Ltd., China) were anesthetized and administered 50 μL of SARS‐CoV‐2 S1SP (RayBiotech, USA) via intratracheal instillation at a dose of 400 mg/kg, followed by an air bolus (150 μL) to promote distribution.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Neutralization, Luciferase, Reporter Assay, Membrane, Virus, Infection

Journal: Autophagy

Article Title: Dual mechanism of human ATG10S in suppressing MEF2A-Driven pro-inflammatory responses

doi: 10.1080/15548627.2026.2676074

Figure Lengend Snippet: Dual mechanism of human ATG10S in suppressing MEF2A-driven pro-inflammatory responses. First, ATG10S directly binds to MEF2A and promotes its targeting to autolysosomes for degradation. Second, in the nucleus, ATG10S competes with MAPK7 for binding to MEF2A, thereby disrupting the TLR4-MAPK7-MEF2A signaling axis and suppressing MEF2A transcriptional activity. Together, these dual mechanisms effectively suppress the overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFNA, IFNG, IL1B, IL6, TNF, IL8, and CCL2) induced by SARS-CoV-2 S protein or LPS. This diagram was generated using BioRender.com.

Article Snippet: Recombinant wild-type SARS-CoV-2 S protein (isolate: 2019-nCoV, 40,591-V08B1) was obtained from Sino Biological (Beijing, China).

Techniques: Binding Assay, Activity Assay, Over Expression, Generated